西方人口老龄化和养老保险制度与

(六)偿还隐性债务,让个人账户的空账变为“部分实账”;(七)完善农村养老保险制度。

【Abstract】wWw.shuoshilunwen.com The aging of population is a product brought about with the development of human society, it not only reflected the advancement of human society, but also influence every aspect such as politics, economics, culture and social life extensively and penetratingly. Providing for the aged is the most direct problem brought about to the society. This paper first of all investigated the present condition and developing trend of the aging of population in western countries, then it expounded the model of endowment insurance policy in western countries, in addition to this, it emphatically analyzed the problems facing endowment insurance in western countries and reforming trend. Finally, it raised the enlightenment to our country by judging endowment-insurance in western countries. Ⅰ. Basic theory of population aging Population aging is the inevitable process through the economic development of society. It refers to the social development process of the rising proportion of aged people among total population and the old trend of certain country or a certain area. Judging from the history of world population growth, the variation of age-structure at any time was directly dependent on the variation of birth-rate and death-rate. When there is a upward trend in birth-rate, the total amount of population expanded, proportion teenagers raised, while that of the aged declined, the age structure tend to become younger on the other side, it tend to become aged. That is to say, the reason for aging is that the continuous decline of birth-rate and death-rate as well as the prolonging of erage age. While the decline of birth-rate and death-rate and the prolonging of anticipated age are the inevitable out come of social productive force development. We can say that population change is the main driving force of population aging. Ⅱ. The present condition and developing trend of western population aging Since France stepped into aging country in 1850, a number of capitalist countries such as Sweden, Norwegian, Britain, Germany and America he come one after the other. As shown by data, the number of aged above 65 in western countries only amounts to 7.9% of the total population is 1950, 9.9% in 1970,11.7% in 1980, 12.5% in 1990 while 14.1% in 2000. According to prediction, by 2020 there will be one old people above 65 out of 5 1/2 people in western countries. By 2040, the proportion of old people will reach peak, it is thus clear that the situation of aging in western countries is rather stern. Population aging in western countries has direct and indirect influence to social endowment insurance. On one hand, population aging has made the proportion of endowment-insurance in social insurance fare raise rapidly, the unceasing raise of paying standard of endowment-insurance and the uninterrupted growth he formed the predicament of income falling short of social insurance fare expenditure. On the other hand, population age has made laboring age population relatively decreased the number of employment population and endowment-based population approached. Thus, the ailable labor population that go in for economic activity should meet the deeds of more aged in economical and medical aspect, which is surely to affect the speed of accumulation and economic development affect the consumption standard of employed people. This can discourage the labor population and trifle the vigor of economic growth. Ⅲ. Analysis of endowment-insurance policy mode Endowment-insurance institution is a social insurance institution established according to certain law and rule to solve the basic life standard because laborers he reach the limit of removing labor obligation age prescribed by government or retired from labor post due to the lose of laborforce caused by age. At present, the current endowment-insurance mode has two major types. One is the self-insurance, government-aid endowment-insurance mode in Germany, America, Italy, Holland, Austria and Japan. The other is state-welfare endowment-insurance mode in Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Canada and Australia. Western endowment insurance institution has the features of early-established. Widely-covered, multi-structure, multi-form and high take-over rate. However, because of the increasing seriousness of population aging and the slow-down of economic growth, western endowment-insurance institution has some problems: high-welfare policy made financial burden heier; high-welfare policy seriously influenced the productive initiative and recessed economic competitive force; dossal social insurance organization in western countries can manage to stably operate social insurance institution with effort, hence it brought about the problems such as over-staffed organization, low-efficiency. To solve these problems western countries performed reformation in succession, the tendency is to raise legal retirement age and reduce the retirement disparity between men and women; reduce granting standard of endowment; raise pay amount and pay base; develop and replenish endowment insurance; expand the intervention of private-owned department. Ⅳ. The inspiration of western endowment-insurance institution to our country Our current endowment-insurance institution is based on the principle of combining planning as a whole with individual accountant, its structure can be described as follows: multi-structure insurance mode, multi-channel fund-resource, the combination of social plan as a whole with individual account. It is a basic endowment-insurance institution established on the basis of: decide issued by the state council in 1997. The problem of current endowment-insurance institution are: